做免费网站怎么做,织梦移动端网站模板下载,网站打开慢 可以只换空间不换域名吗,世界500强企业logo第十二章 图形用户界面
GUI就是包含按钮、文本框等控件的窗口 Tkinter是事实上的Python标准GUI工具包
创建GUI示例应用程序
初探
导入tkinter
import tkinter as tk也可导入这个模块的所有内容
from tkinter import *要创建GUI#xff0c;可创建一个将充当主窗口的顶级组…第十二章 图形用户界面
GUI就是包含按钮、文本框等控件的窗口 Tkinter是事实上的Python标准GUI工具包
创建GUI示例应用程序
初探
导入tkinter
import tkinter as tk也可导入这个模块的所有内容
from tkinter import *要创建GUI可创建一个将充当主窗口的顶级组件控件。 为此可实例化一个Tk对象。
top Tk()调用函数mainloop以进入Tkinter主事件循环而不是直接退出程序。
from tkinter import *
top Tk()
mainloop()效果图如下
创建按钮可实例化Button类。 需要使用布局管理器也叫几何体管理器来显示按钮的位置(使用管理器pack) 按钮也可以指定一些文本、给按钮添加行为
from tkinter import *
button Button()
button.pack()
button[text] Click me!
def clicked():print(I was clicked!)mainloop()效果图如下
可以不分别给属性赋值而使用方法config同时设置多个属性。 button.config(textClick me!,commandclicked) 还可使用控件的构造函数来配置控件。 Button(textclick me too!,commandclicked).pack()
布局
对控件调用方法pack时将把控件放在其父控件主控件中。
from tkinter import *
Label(textIm in the first window!).pack()
second Toplevel()
Label(second,textIm in the second window!).pack()效果图如下 Toplevel类表示除主窗口外的另一个顶级窗口而Label就是文本标签。
一列按钮
from tkinter import *
for i in range(10):Button(texti).pack()mainloop()效果图如下 要快速了解可用的选项可执行如下命令
help(Pack.config)Help on function pack_configure in module tkinter:pack_configure(self, cnf{}, **kw)Pack a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:afterwidget - pack it after you have packed widgetanchorNSEW (or subset) - position widget according togiven directionbeforewidget - pack it before you will pack widgetexpandbool - expand widget if parent size growsfillNONE or X or Y or BOTH - fill widget if widget growsinmaster - use master to contain this widgetin_master - see in option descriptionipadxamount - add internal padding in x directionipadyamount - add internal padding in y directionpadxamount - add padding in x directionpadyamount - add padding in y directionsideTOP or BOTTOM or LEFT or RIGHT - where to add this widget.还有其他的布局管理器具体地说是grid和place
help(Grid.configure)Help on function grid_configure in module tkinter:grid_configure(self, cnf{}, **kw)Position a widget in the parent widget in a grid. Use as options:columnnumber - use cell identified with given column (starting with 0)columnspannumber - this widget will span several columnsinmaster - use master to contain this widgetin_master - see in option descriptionipadxamount - add internal padding in x directionipadyamount - add internal padding in y directionpadxamount - add padding in x directionpadyamount - add padding in y directionrownumber - use cell identified with given row (starting with 0)rowspannumber - this widget will span several rowsstickyNSEW - if cell is larger on which sides will thiswidget stick to the cell boundaryhelp(Place.config)Help on function place_configure in module tkinter:place_configure(self, cnf{}, **kw)Place a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:inmaster - master relative to which the widget is placedin_master - see in option descriptionxamount - locate anchor of this widget at position x of masteryamount - locate anchor of this widget at position y of masterrelxamount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0relative to width of master (1.0 is right edge)relyamount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0relative to height of master (1.0 is bottom edge)anchorNSEW (or subset) - position anchor according to given directionwidthamount - width of this widget in pixelheightamount - height of this widget in pixelrelwidthamount - width of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0relative to width of master (1.0 is the same widthas the master)relheightamount - height of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0relative to height of master (1.0 is the sameheight as the master)bordermodeinside or outside - whether to take border width ofmaster widget into account事件处理
通过设置属性command给按钮指定动作action这是一种特殊的事件处理。 Tkinter还提供了更通用的事件处理机制方法bind。要让控件对特定的事件进行处理可对其调用方法bind并指定事件的名称和要使用的函数。
点哪儿显示所点击的坐标位置鼠标单击事件提供x和y坐标 其中是使用鼠标左按钮按钮1单击的事件名称。 将这种事件关联到函数callback。 这样每当用户在窗口top中单击时都将调用这个函数。向函数callback传递一个event对象这个对象包含的属性随事件类型而异。
from tkinter import *
top Tk()
def callback(event):print(event.x,event.y)top.bind(Button-1,callback)#结果为2435082162376callback
mainloop()效果图如下 当然也可以查询帮助
help(Tk.bind)Help on function bind in module tkinter:bind(self, sequenceNone, funcNone, addNone)Bind to this widget at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.SEQUENCE is a string of concatenated eventpatterns. An event pattern is of the formMODIFIER-MODIFIER-TYPE-DETAIL where MODIFIER is oneof Control, Mod2, M2, Shift, Mod3, M3, Lock, Mod4, M4,Button1, B1, Mod5, M5 Button2, B2, Meta, M, Button3,B3, Alt, Button4, B4, Double, Button5, B5 Triple,Mod1, M1. TYPE is one of Activate, Enter, Map,ButtonPress, Button, Expose, Motion, ButtonReleaseFocusIn, MouseWheel, Circulate, FocusOut, Property,Colormap, Gravity Reparent, Configure, KeyPress, Key,Unmap, Deactivate, KeyRelease Visibility, Destroy,Leave and DETAIL is the button number for ButtonPress,ButtonRelease and DETAIL is the Keysym for KeyPress andKeyRelease. Examples areControl-Button-1 for pressing Control and mouse button 1 orAlt-A for pressing A and the Alt key (KeyPress can be omitted).An event pattern can also be a virtual event of the formAString where AString can be arbitrary. Thisevent can be generated by event_generate.If events are concatenated they must appear shortlyafter each other.FUNC will be called if the event sequence occurs with aninstance of Event as argument. If the return value of FUNC isbreak no further bound function is invoked.An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC willbe called additionally to the other bound function or whetherit will replace the previous function.Bind will return an identifier to allow deletion of the bound function withunbind without memory leak.If FUNC or SEQUENCE is omitted the bound function or listof bound events are returned.最终的程序
简单的GUI文本编辑器 1需要输入所要编辑的文本地址 2点击Open即可打开该文本文件 3在下方编辑栏中可随意编辑 4点击Save即可保存
from tkinter import *
from tkinter.scrolledtext import ScrolledText
def load():with open(filename.get()) as file:contents.delete(1.0, END)contents.insert(INSERT, file.read())def save():with open(filename.get(), w) as file:file.write(contents.get(1.0, END))top Tk()
top.title(Simple Editor)contents ScrolledText()
contents.pack(sideBOTTOM, expandTrue, fillBOTH)filename Entry()
filename.pack(sideLEFT, expandTrue, fillX)Button(textOpen, commandload).pack(sideLEFT)
Button(textSave, commandsave).pack(sideLEFT)mainloop()效果图如下
小结
概念描述图形用户界面GUIGUI有助于让应用程序对用户更友好。并非所有的程序都需要GUI但只要程序需要与用户交互GUI就可能很有帮助。TkinterTkinter是一个跨平台的Python GUI工具包成熟而且使用广泛。布局通过指定组件的几何属性很容易对其进行定位但要确保它们在父窗口的大小发生变化时做出正确的反应就必须使用布局管理器。事件处理GUI工具包中用户触发事件执行的操作。要发挥作用程序可能需要响应某些事件否则用户将无法与之交互。在Tkinter中要给组件添加事件处理程序可使用方法bind。
