做网站应该学什么语言,新媒体运营怎么学,2013年四川省泸州市技能竞赛网站建设样稿,怎么制作网站维护公告效果http://www.stunnel.org/faq/args.htmlhttp://www.colasoft.com.cn/support/monitor_stunnel.php科来网络分析系统与stunnel结合使用科来网络分析系统是一款强大的网络检测分析工具#xff0c;可对网络中未加密的数据传输进行检测分析并实时显示分析结果#xff0c;包括用户的…http://www.stunnel.org/faq/args.htmlhttp://www.colasoft.com.cn/support/monitor_stunnel.php科来网络分析系统与stunnel结合使用科来网络分析系统是一款强大的网络检测分析工具可对网络中未加密的数据传输进行检测分析并实时显示分析结果包括用户的邮件收发、Web访问以及各种网络登录等操作。所以未经加密的数据传输是不安全的存在被别人窃听的安全隐患。 图一显示的是科来网络分析系统对网络数据传输捕获的结果从中可以看出当前网络中的敏感数据传输都未经过任何的加密保护存在安全隐患。为加强网络本身的安全性在使用科来网络分析系统进行网络管理的同时我们建议用户对重要的数据传输进行加密保护以达到管理和保护的有效结合。在这种情况下即使数据被窃取攻击者也无法分析数据的真实内容从而保证了数据传输的安全性。 图一网络事务分析结果图二所示为常见的网络传输情况在这种情况下数据在网络中的传输没有经过任何保护当网络在遭受黑客攻击或黑客入侵时重要数据很容易被窃取。为了使我们局域网传输的重要数据都是安全的我们可以利用Stunnel工具对数据进行加密。 图二普通网络 Stunnel (http://www.stunnel.org/)是一款可以加密网络数据的TCP连接并可工作在Unix和Windows平台上它采用Client/Server模式将Client端的网络数据采用SSL(Secure Sockets Layer)加密后安全的传输到指定的Server端再进行解密还原然后再发送到访问的服务器。在加密传输过程中可充分确保数据的安全性我们只要把Server端程序安装在局域网外面的一台服务器上即可保证传输的数据在局域网内是安全的如图三所示。 图三Stunnel加密后的网络 操作过程Stunnel是一款免费的工具可以在这里下载。下面我们介绍一下具体的使用。 下载Stunnel Client端程序并解压到本机的C:/Program Files目录下。 下载Stunnel Server端程序并解压后放在外网的服务器上。 分别配置stunnel.conf文件。 更改本机应用程序的网络连接配置。 分别运行stunnel.-4.04.exe执行文件。 说明 我们使用Stunnel需要在外网有一台有管理权限的服务器来运行Stunnel的Server程序。配置好Stunnel.conf后可将执行文件在启动菜单中建立快捷方式这样让每次开机时能自动运行。Stunnel技术是将传输的信息加密后通过Server端的服务器进行解密才到达的目的主机所以在选择Server端服务器的时候对服务器的带宽速度有一定的要求。 Stunnel的配置Client和Server端都包含stunnel.conf配置文件格式如下表所示 Client端stunnel.conf文件内容 Server端stunnel.conf文件内容# Use it for client mode client yes #Client-level configuration [ 应用服务名称 ] accept 本地IP : 目标端口 connect Server端IP : 指定的端口 # Use it for server mode client no#Server-level configuration [ 应用服务名称 ] accept 指定的端口 connect 目标服务器IP : 目标端口 常见应用实例Stunnel.conf文件配置比较简单下面我们介绍一些常见应用配置其中Client端是放在本机IP是127.0.0.1Server端是放在外网的服务器上IP是202.151.90.28。 1.加密邮件传输加密邮件需要将发送和接收的过程都要进行保护那么我们就要对POP3和SMTP传送方式进行加密。如果我们有一个xxxcolasoft.com.cn信箱服务器的IP是202.108.44.153配置文件stunnel.conf如下 Client端SMTP和POP3文件内容 Server端SMTP和POP3文件内容 [smtp.colasoft.com.cn] accept 127.0.0.1:25 connect 202.151.90.28:125 [pop3.colasoft.com.cn] accept 127.0.0.1:110 connect 202.151.90.28:1110 [smtp.colasoft.com.cn] accept 125 connect 202.108.44.170:25 [pop3.colasoft.com.cn] accept 1110 connect 202.108.44.153:110如果有多个邮件传输需要加密则增加相应的POP3和SMTP设置即可。设置好了配置文件我们还需要将邮件客户端常见的为Foxmail或Outlook与其对应设置如下发送的邮件地址改为127.0.0.1 端口改为125接收的邮件地址改为127.0.0.1 端口改为1110 2.加密FTP传输FTP是比较早的文件传输协议内容都是以明文方式传输我们利用Stunnel后也可以让FTP的传输非常安全现在我们只需要在前面的stunnel.conf内容里面增加以下配置信息 Client端FTP的配置 Server端FTP的配置 [ftp.net130.com] accept 127.0.0.1:21 connect 202.151.90.28:121 [ftp.net130.com] accept 121 connect 218.7.9.73:21FTP软件如CuteFTP也要做相应更改登录的远程地址改为127.0.0.1 端口改为121 3.加密HTTP网站访问传输我们不能对所有的网站访问都进行加密因为太多但对于很重要的网站我们也可以用Stunnel来保护访问的内容不受到监听。例如我们要访问www.colasoft.com.cn网站IP地址是202.108.36.172HTTP的配置如下 Client端HTTP的配置 Server端HTTP的配置 [www.colasoft.com.cn] accept 127.0.0.1:80 connect 202.151.90.28:8080 [www.colasoft.com.cn] accept 8080 connect 202.108.36.172:80通过结合使用科来网络分析系统与Stunnel既可以做到对网络的安全检测并找出网络内的潜在安全隐患又能从防护的角度出发保护公司内部网络的重要信息。此方案成本低不改变当前网络内的结构容易实施是一个简单有效的安全管理方案。 Stunnel-4.10 Man PageNAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION OPTIONS CONFIGURATION FILE GLOBAL OPTIONS SERVICE-LEVEL OPTIONS RETURN VALUE EXAMPLES FILES BUGS RESTRICTIONS NOTES INETD MODE CERTIFICATES RANDOMNESS SEE ALSO AUTHOR NAMEstunnel - universal SSL tunnelSYNOPSISUnix:stunnel [filename] | -fd n | -help | -version | -sockets WIN32:stunnel [ [-install | -uninstall] [-quiet] [filename] ] | -help | -version | -sockets DESCRIPTIONThe stunnel program is designed to work as SSL encryption wrapper between remote clients and local (inetd-startable) or remote servers. The concept is that having non-SSL aware daemons running on your system you can easily set them up to communicate with clients over secure SSL channels.stunnel can be used to add SSL functionality to commonly used Inetd daemons like POP-2, POP-3, and IMAP servers, to standalone daemons like NNTP, SMTP and HTTP, and in tunneling PPP over network sockets without changes to the source code.This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eaycryptsoft.com)OPTIONSfilenameUse specified configuration file -fd n (Unix only)Read the config file from specified file descriptor -helpPrint stunnel help menu -versionPrint stunnel version and compile time defaults -socketsPrint default socket options -install (NT/2000/XP only)Install NT Service -uninstall (NT/2000/XP only)Uninstall NT Service -quiet (NT/2000/XP only)Dont display a message box when successfully installed or uninstalled NT service CONFIGURATION FILEEach line of the configuration file can be either:an empty line (ignored) a comment starting with ; (ignored) an option_name option_value pair [service_name] indicating a start of a service definition GLOBAL OPTIONSCApath directoryCertificate Authority directory This is the directory in which stunnel will look for certificates when using the verify. Note that the certificates in this directory should be named XXXXXXXX.0 where XXXXXXXX is the hash value of the cert.CApath path is relative to chroot directory if specified.CAfile certfileCertificate Authority file This file contains multiple CA certificates, used with the verify.cert pemfilecertificate chain PEM file name A PEM is always needed in server mode. Specifying this flag in client mode will use this certificate chain as a client side certificate chain. Using client side certs is optional. The certificates must be in PEM format and must be sorted starting with the certificate to the highest level (root CA).chroot directory (Unix only)directory to chroot stunnel process chroot keeps stunnel in chrooted jail. CApath, CRLpath, pid and exec are located inside the jail and the patches have to be relative to the directory specified with chroot.To have libwrap (TCP Wrappers) control effective in a chrooted environment you also have to copy its configuration files (/etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny) there.ciphers cipherlistSelect permitted SSL ciphers A colon delimited list of the ciphers to allow in the SSL connection. For example DES-CBC3-SHA:IDEA-CBC-MD5client yes | noclient mode (remote service uses SSL) default: no (server mode)compression zlib | rleselect data compression algorithm default: no compressionCRLpath directoryCertificate Revocation Lists directory This is the directory in which stunnel will look for CRLs when using the verify. Note that the CRLs in this directory should be named XXXXXXXX.0 where XXXXXXXX is the hash value of the CRL.CRLpath path is relative to chroot directory if specified.CRLfile certfileCertificate Revocation Lists file This file contains multiple CRLs, used with the verify.debug [facility.]leveldebugging level Level is a one of the syslog level names or numbers emerg (0), alert (1), crit (2), err (3), warning (4), notice (5), info (6), or debug (7). All logs for the specified level and all levels numerically less than it will be shown. Use debug debug or debug 7 for greatest debugging output. The default is notice (5).The syslog facility daemon will be used unless a facility name is supplied. (Facilities are not supported on Win32.)Case is ignored for both facilities and levels.EGD egd path (Unix only)path to Entropy Gathering Daemon socket Entropy Gathering Daemon socket to use to feed OpenSSL random number generator. (Available only if compiled with OpenSSL 0.9.5a or higher)engine auto | engine idselect hardware engine default: software-only cryptographyforeground yes | no (Unix only)foreground mode Stay in foreground (dont fork) and log to stderr instead of via syslog (unless output is specified).default: background in daemon modekey keyfileprivate key for certificate specified with cert option Private key is needed to authenticate certificate owner. Since this file should be kept secret it should only be readable to its owner. On Unix systems you can use the following command: chmod 600 keyfiledefault: value of cert optionoptions SSL_optionsOpenSSL library options The parameter is the OpenSSL option name as described in the SSL_CTX_set_options(3ssl) manual, but without SSL_OP_ prefix. Several options can be used to specify multiple options.For example for compatibility with erroneous Eudora SSL implementation the following option can be used: options DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTSoutput fileappend log messages to a file instead of using syslog /dev/stdout device can be used to redirect log messages to the standard output (for example to log them with daemontools splogger).pid file (Unix only)pid file location If the argument is empty, then no pid file will be created.pid path is relative to chroot directory if specified.RNDbytes bytesbytes to read from random seed files Number of bytes of data read from random seed files. With SSL versions less than 0.9.5a, also determines how many bytes of data are considered sufficient to seed the PRNG. More recent OpenSSL versions have a builtin function to determine when sufficient randomness is available.RNDfile filepath to file with random seed data The SSL library will use data from this file first to seed the random number generator.RNDoverwrite yes | nooverwrite the random seed files with new random data default: yesservice servicenameuse specified string as the service name On Unix: inetd mode service name for TCP Wrapper library.On NT/2000/XP: NT service name in the Control Panel.default: stunnelsession timeoutsession cache timeout setgid groupname (Unix only)setgid() to groupname in daemon mode and clears all other groups setuid username (Unix only)setuid() to username in daemon mode socket a|l|r:optionvalue[:value]Set an option on accept/local/remote socket The values for linger option are l_onof:l_linger. The values for time are tv_sec:tv_usec.Examples: socket l:SO_LINGER1:60 set one minute timeout for closing local socket socket r:TCP_NODELAY1 turn off the Nagle algorithm for remote sockets socket r:SO_OOBINLINE1 place out-of-band data directly into the receive data stream for remote sockets socket a:SO_REUSEADDR0 disable address reuse (enabled by default) socket a:SO_BINDTODEVICElo only accept connections on loopback interfacetaskbar yes | no (WIN32 only)enable the taskbar icon default: yesverify levelverify peer certificate level 1 - verify peer certificate if present level 2 - verify peer certificate level 3 - verify peer with locally installed certificate default - no verifySERVICE-LEVEL OPTIONSEach configuration section begins with service name in square brackets. The service name is used for libwrap (TCP Wrappers) access control and lets you distinguish stunnel services in your log files.Note that if you wish to run stunnel in inetd mode (where it is provided a network socket by a server such as inetd, xinetd, or tcpserver) then you should read the section entitled INETD MODE below.accept [host:]portaccept connections on specified host:port If no host specified, defaults to all IP addresses for the local host.connect [host:]portconnect to remote host:port If no host specified, defaults to localhost.delay yes | nodelay DNS lookup for connect option exec executable_path (Unix only)execute local inetd-type program exec path is relative to chroot directory if specified.execargs $0 $1 $2 ... (Unix only)arguments for exec including program name ($0) Quoting is currently not supported. Arguments are separated with arbitrary number of whitespaces.ident usernameuse IDENT (RFC 1413) username checking local hostIP of the outgoing interface is used as source for remote connections. Use this option to bind a static local IP address, instead. protocol protoNegotiate SSL with specified protocol currently supported: cifs, nntp, pop3, smtppty yes | no (Unix only)allocate pseudo terminal for exec option TIMEOUTbusy secondstime to wait for expected data TIMEOUTclose secondstime to wait for close_notify (set to 0 for buggy MSIE) TIMEOUTconnect secondstime to wait to connect a remote host TIMEOUTidle secondstime to keep an idle connection transparent yes | no (Unix only)transparent proxy mode Re-write address to appear as if wrapped daemon is connecting from the SSL client machine instead of the machine running stunnel. This option is only available in local mode (exec option) by LD_PRELOADing env.so shared library or in remote mode (connect option) on Linux 2.2 kernel compiled with transparent proxy option and then only in server mode. Note that this option will not combine with proxy mode (connect) unless the clients default route to the target machine lies through the host running stunnel, which cannot be localhost.RETURN VALUEstunnel returns zero on success, non-zero on error.EXAMPLESIn order to provide SSL encapsulation to your local imapd service, use [imapd] accept 993 exec /usr/sbin/imapd execargs imapdIf you want to provide tunneling to your pppd daemon on port 2020, use something like [vpn] accept 2020 exec /usr/sbin/pppd execargs pppd local pty yesIf you want to use stunnel in inetd mode to launch your imapd process, youd use this stunnel.conf. Note there must be no [service_name] section. exec /usr/sbin/imapd execargs imapdFILESstunnel.confstunnel configuration file stunnel.pemstunnel certificate and private key BUGSOption execargs does not support quoting.RESTRICTIONSstunnel cannot be used for the FTP daemon because of the nature of the FTP protocol which utilizes multiple ports for data transfers. There are available SSL enabled versions of FTP and telnet daemons, however.NOTESINETD MODEThe most common use of stunnel is to listen on a network port and establish communication with either a new port via the connect option, or a new program via the exec option. However there is a special case when you wish to have some other program accept incoming connections and launch stunnel, for example with inetd, xinetd, or tcpserver.For example, if you have the following line in inetd.conf: imaps stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel stunnel /etc/stunnel/imaps.confIn these cases, the inetd-style program is responsible for binding a network socket (imaps above) and handing it to stunnel when a connection is received. Thus you do not want stunnel to have any accept option. All the Service Level Options should be placed in the global options section, and no [service_name] section will be present. See the EXAMPLES section for example configurations.CERTIFICATESEach SSL enabled daemon needs to present a valid X.509 certificate to the peer. It also needs a private key to decrypt the incoming data. The easiest way to obtain a certificate and a key is to generate them with the free OpenSSL package. You can find more information on certificates generation on pages listed below.Two things are important when generating certificate-key pairs for stunnel. The private key cannot be encrypted, because the server has no way to obtain the password from the user. To produce an unencrypted key add the -nodes option when running the req command from the OpenSSL kit.The order of contents of the .pem file is also important. It should contain the unencrypted private key first, then a signed certificate (not certificate request). There should be also empty lines after certificate and private key. Plaintext certificate information appended on the top of generated certificate should be discarded. So the file should look like this: -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- [encoded key] -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- [empty line] -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- [encoded certificate] -----END CERTIFICATE----- [empty line]RANDOMNESSstunnel needs to seed the PRNG (pseudo random number generator) in order for SSL to use good randomness. The following sources are loaded in order until sufficient random data has been gathered:The file specified with the RNDfile flag. The file specified by the RANDFILE environment variable, if set. The file .rnd in your home directory, if RANDFILE not set. The file specified with --with-random at compile time. The contents of the screen if running on Windows. The egd socket specified with the EGD flag. The egd socket specified with --with-egd-sock at compile time. The /dev/urandom device. With recent (OpenSSL 0.9.5a) version of SSL it will stop loading random data automatically when sufficient entropy has been gathered. With previous versions it will continue to gather from all the above sources since no SSL function exists to tell when enough data is available.Note that on Windows machines that do not have console user interaction (mouse movements, creating windows, etc) the screen contents are not variable enough to be sufficient, and you should provide a random file for use with the RNDfile flag.Note that the file specified with the RNDfile flag should contain random data -- that means it should contain different information each time stunnel is run. This is handled automatically unless the RNDoverwrite flag is used. If you wish to update this file manually, the openssl rand command in recent versions of OpenSSL, would be useful.One important note -- if /dev/urandom is available, OpenSSL has a habit of seeding the PRNG with it even when checking the random state, so on systems with /dev/urandom youre likely to use it even though its listed at the very bottom of the list above. This isnt stunnels behaviour, its OpenSSLs.SEE ALSOtcpd(8)access control facility for internet services inetd(8)internet super-server http://stunnel.mirt.net/stunnel homepage http://www.stunnel.org/stunnel Frequently Asked Questions http://www.openssl.org/OpenSSL project website AUTHORMichal TrojnaraMichal.Trojnaramirt.net The Ubiquitous Miscellaneous SectionThose things that dont have a proper home yet may end up here. Or they may stay here. Ive heard that many answers prefer to be in the miscellaneous sections. Maybe theyre just shy. What are the offical SSL ports?These are the officially registered ports for various SSL-ified protocols. note that listing them here doesnt mean that they can be used with stunnel. nsiiops 261/tcp # IIOP Name Service over TLS/SSL https 443/tcp # http protocol over TLS/SSL smtps 465/tcp # smtp protocol over TLS/SSL (was ssmtp) nntps 563/tcp # nntp protocol over TLS/SSL (was snntp) imap4-ssl 585/tcp # IMAP4SSL (use 993 instead) sshell 614/tcp # SSLshell ldaps 636/tcp # ldap protocol over TLS/SSL (was sldap) ftps-data 989/tcp # ftp protocol, data, over TLS/SSL ftps 990/tcp # ftp protocol, control, over TLS/SSL telnets 992/tcp # telnet protocol over TLS/SSL imaps 993/tcp # imap4 protocol over TLS/SSL ircs 994/tcp # irc protocol over TLS/SSL pop3s 995/tcp # pop3 protocol over TLS/SSL (was spop3) msft-gc-ssl 3269/tcp # Microsoft Global Catalog with LDAP/SSLHow do I know which encryption ciphers are available?The ciphers that are availabre to stunnel (and usable by the -C flag) are determined by your OpenSSL library. To list the available ciphers, run the following: openssl ciphers -vHow can I delay DNS lookups until connect time?If youre using Stunnel-4.0 or later, add the following to your Stunnel configuration file: delay yesIf you are using older versions, there are several different patches available for this in the patches directory on this site you may try. Another option is to launch redir (a TCP redirector) dynamically instead of using the -r host:port option, like this: -l /usr/bin/redir -- redir --inetd --caddr host --cport portHow can I convert a certificate from der format (.cer) to PEM format?Some institutions that supply certificates will send them to you in der format instead of PEM format. You can use the openssl command line tool to convert from one to the other: openssl x509 -in file.cer -inform d -out file.pem 再分享一下我老师大神的人工智能教程吧。零基础通俗易懂风趣幽默还带黄段子希望你也加入到我们人工智能的队伍中来https://blog.csdn.net/jiangjunshow
